When you think of child abuse, what immediately comes to
your mind? For each one reading this post I am sure a different scenario or act
popped into your mind. This is because there are so many different forms of
child abuse that very few outside of the obvious acts of child abuse are
discussed or thought about. The purpose of this Critical Thinker post is to
make us aware of one form of child abuse that is rarely heard of yet is extremely
common. In fact, it is so common that it flies under the radar for most of us
and is in many cases unrecognized by the courts in separation or divorce cases.
To the frustration of many, the fact that the court may not recognize this form
of abuse does not mean that it does not exist. Psychologists and therapists term
this form of abuse as Parental Alienation Syndrome or PAS. Parental Alienation Syndrome
(PAS) is what Dr. Richard A. Warshak describes as a systematic process of psychological
manipulation in his book Divorce Poison: Protecting the Parent-Child Bond From a Vindictive Ex., one of two books that I found fascinating and informative about
PAS with the other being Brainwashing Children: Exposing and Combating the Most Common Form of Child Abuse by John T. Steinbeck.
Both
Warshak and Steinbeck unpack for the reader the definition of PAS along with
the ugly and dangerous impacts of being a child or children subjected to PAS.
Both also describe in great detail the roles of each person who engages and who
is affected by this very common form of child abuse. According to Wikipedia the
free encyclopedia Parental
Alienation Syndrome is term
coined by Richard A. Gardner in the
early 1980s to refer to what he describes as a disorder in which a child, on an
ongoing basis, belittles and insults one parent without justification, due to a
combination of factors, including indoctrination by the other parent and the
child's own attempts to denigrate the target parent. Gardner introduced the term in a 1985 paper, describing a cluster
of symptoms he had observed during the early 1980s. According
to
Child Welfare Information Gateway, a service of the Children's
Bureau, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, e
ach State provides its own definitions
of child abuse and neglect based on minimum standards set by Federal law. While
PAS is still being debated as to whether it is a syndrome or psychological disorder,
one cannot dismiss the facts after reading the major types of abuse and neglect
below (see below) that the tenets of PAS intersect many of the major types
defined.
According
to Mr. Steinbeck in his book Brainwashing Children, children that are kept away
from a parent without just cause or reason are more likely to:
- Use
and abuse alcohol or drugs
- Drop out of school prior to graduation
- Get bad grades
- Be incarcerated at some time in their life
- Run away from home
- Attempt suicide
- Be diagnosed with depression
- Have anxiety disorders
- Have difficulties in their own relationships when they mature
- Struggle with friendships and interpersonal interactions
- Not trust people
- Not have a good relationship with either parent
- Not have healthy romantic relationships
- Have issues of self-doubt
- Become pregnant as teenager
- Have anger issues
- Lack of self-esteem
- Difficulties in trusting his or her own perceptions
- Lying behaviors
- Physical aggression
- Other social problems
He
goes on to say that each child will react differently, but they will be
affected in ways that are harmful to their emotional and behavioral
development.
Sadly
for the children, the parent who is initiating or engaging in PAS behavior is usually in
denial that he/she has any part in the creation of an alienating environment by
partaking in any of the following activities that include but are not limited
to:
- Bad-Mouthing
- Bashing
- Brainwashing
- Isolating
- Instilling fear
- Encroachment
- Selective Memory
Dr.
Warshak states in his book Divorce Poison that parents are not the only targets
of bad-mouthing, bashing, and brainwashing. According to Dr. Warshak,
grandparents, and sometimes an entire extended family, receive the same
treatment. He further states that this problem cuts across gender lines. Women
and men in their roles as parents, stepparents, aunts, uncles, and grandparents
are all vulnerable. And, in ALL cases, the children suffer, hence the reason for this blog post – children are
suffering and being abused as a result of the behavior of the adults they are
supposed to trust most in their lives.
Until
reading this post, you may not have been made aware of PAS (hence another
reason for this blog post), however, as a result of reading this post, I
encourage you to look out for the signs of PAS in children whose parents have separated
or divorced. I encourage you to read Dr. Warshak’s and John T. Steinbeck’s
books referenced in this post to make yourself even more aware of what too many
of our children and adults for that matter are dealing with in their daily
lives. I found both books to be extremely helpful to me and thought I would
share them with you in this post. PAS is something to definitely critically think
about. I look forward to reading your thoughts in the commentary section of the
blog. You can follow the critical thinker on Twitter @thinkcritical01.
How Is Child Abuse and Neglect
Defined in Federal Law?Federal
legislation lays the groundwork for States by identifying a minimum set of acts
or behaviors that define child abuse and neglect. The Federal Child Abuse
Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), (42 U.S.C.A. §5106g), as amended by the
Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003, defines child abuse and neglect
as, at minimum:
- Any recent act or failure to
act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious
physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or
- An act or failure to act which
presents an imminent risk of serious harm.
Most
Federal and State child protection laws primarily refer to cases of harm to a
child caused by parents or other caregivers; they generally do not include harm
caused by other people, such as acquaintances or strangers.What Are the Major Types of Child
Abuse and Neglect?Within
the minimum standards set by CAPTA, each State is responsible for providing its
own definitions of child abuse and neglect.1 Most
States recognize four major types of maltreatment: physical abuse, neglect,
sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Although any of the forms of child
maltreatment may be found separately, they often occur in combination. In many
States, abandonment and parental substance abuse are also defined as forms of
child abuse or neglect.The
examples provided below are for general informational purposes only. Not all
States' definitions will include all of the examples listed below, and
individual States' definitions may cover additional situations not mentioned
here.Physical
abuse is non-accidental physical
injury (ranging from minor bruises to severe fractures or death) as a result of
punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking,
hitting (with a hand, stick, strap, or other object), burning, or otherwise
harming a child, that is inflicted by a parent, caregiver, or other person who
has responsibility for the child.2 Such
injury is considered abuse regardless of whether the caregiver intended to hurt
the child. Physical discipline, such as spanking or paddling, is not considered
abuse as long as it is reasonable and causes no bodily injury to the child.
Neglect is the failure of a parent, guardian, or other
caregiver to provide for a child's basic needs. Neglect may be:
- Physical (e.g., failure to
provide necessary food or shelter, or lack of appropriate supervision)
- Medical (e.g., failure to
provide necessary medical or mental health treatment)3
- Educational (e.g., failure to
educate a child or attend to special education needs)
- Emotional (e.g., inattention to
a child's emotional needs, failure to provide psychological care, or
permitting the child to use alcohol or other drugs)
These
situations do not always mean a child is neglected. Sometimes cultural values,
the standards of care in the community, and poverty may be contributing
factors, indicating the family is in need of information or assistance. When a
family fails to use information and resources, and the child's health or safety
is at risk, then child welfare intervention may be required. In addition, many
States provide an exception to the definition of neglect for parents who choose
not to seek medical care for their children due to religious beliefs that may
prohibit medical intervention.4Sexual
abuse includes activities by a
parent or caregiver such as fondling a child's genitals, penetration, incest,
rape, sodomy, indecent exposure, and exploitation through prostitution or the
production of pornographic materials.
Sexual
abuse is defined by CAPTA as "the
employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child
to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, any sexually explicit
conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual
depiction of such conduct; or the rape, and in cases of caretaker or
inter-familial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or
other form of sexual exploitation of children, or incest with children."
Emotional
abuse (or psychological abuse) is a
pattern of behavior that impairs a child's emotional development or sense of
self-worth. This may include constant criticism, threats, or rejection, as well
as withholding love, support, or guidance. Emotional abuse is often difficult
to prove and, therefore, child protective services may not be able to intervene
without evidence of harm or mental injury to the child. Emotional abuse is
almost always present when other forms are identified.
Abandonment is now defined in many States as a form of neglect. In
general, a child is considered to be abandoned when the parent's identity or
whereabouts are unknown, the child has been left alone in circumstances where
the child suffers serious harm, or the parent has failed to maintain contact
with the child or provide reasonable support for a specified period of time.
Substance
abuse is an element of the
definition of child abuse or neglect in many States.5 Circumstances
that are considered abuse or neglect in some States include:
- Prenatal exposure of a child to
harm due to the mother's use of an illegal drug or other substance
- Manufacture of methamphetamine
in the presence of a child
- Selling, distributing, or
giving illegal drugs or alcohol to a child
- Use of a controlled substance
by a caregiver that impairs the caregiver's ability to adequately care for
the child
ResourcesChild
Maltreatment 2006www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm06/index.htm
This report summarizes child abuse statistics submitted by States to the
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) during 2006. It includes
information about child maltreatment reports, victims, fatalities,
perpetrators, services, and additional research.
Resources on the Child Welfare
Information Gateway WebsiteChild
Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/can
Defining
Child Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/can/defining/
Laws
and Policies www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/index.cfm
Preventing
Child Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/preventing
Reporting
Child Abuse and Neglect www.childwelfare.gov/responding/reporting.cfm
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